SANTIAGO SEBAGAI MANUSIA BERFUNGSI PENUH DALAM THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA KARYA HEMINGWAY: ANALISIS PSIKOLOGI HUMANISTIK = SANTIAGO AS A FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON IN HEMINGWAY’S THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA: A HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY ANALYSIS

Background: The novella The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway depicts the struggle of Santiago, an aging fisherman who faces extreme natural challenges at sea after eighty-four days without catching a fish. This story profoundly illustrates human physical endurance and psychological strength in the face of suffering and overwhelming natural adversity, ranging from a days-long battle against a giant marlin to the relentless attacks of sharks. Objective: The purpose of this Research is to analyze the types of natural challenges faced by Santiago and to evaluate how his resilient behavior embodies the concept of a Fully Functioning Person according to Carl Rogers' humanistic psychology theory. Method: This research employs a descriptive qualitative method by applying a close reading technique to the primary text. The narrative data is evaluated using Carl Rogers' humanistic psychology theory to interpret Santiago's actions, thoughts, and internal growth in response to various external pressures and natural elements. Results: The results show that Santiago faces grueling physical challenges as well as existential pressures in the form of isolation and negative societal labeling. Even though he ultimately experiences a total material loss because his catch is devoured by sharks, Santiago's behavior consistently reflects the characteristics of a fully functioning person, namely: openness to suffering without defensive denial, existential living focused on the present moment, organismic trusting in his own intuition, experiential freedom in recognizing the consequences of his choices, and profound emotional richness. Conclusion: The novella The Old Man and the Sea illustrates that Santiago's true victory is not a physical (material) one, but rather his spiritual and psychological achievement. This Research proves that by maintaining his dignity, identity, and inner values amidst external defeat, self-actualization can still be achieved, making Santiago an ideal representation of the peak of human potential whose spirit remains undefeated.