Composite Carbon-lignin/ Zinc Oxide Nanocrystalline Ball-like Hexagonal Mediated from Jatropha curcas L Leaf as Photocatalyst for Industrial Dye Degradation

Composite carbon-lignin/ZnO nanocrystalline has been successfully synthesized mediated by using natural material from castor leaf (Jatropha curcas L). The prepared composites were characterized by using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), powder X-ray difraction (PXRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallite size decreased with increasing the pH due to the atomic crystal in the lattice more stable and also increases with increasing the calcination temperature as the efect of solidifcation to form carbon-lignin/ZnO. The bandgap strongly depends on the pH, for pH 7 the bandgap around 3 eV. The hexagonal in micro size from the SEM image indicated that the carbon-lignin with ZnO nanoparticles attached at the surface. The degradation performance was increase with increasing the calcination temperature and pH 4 shows the lowest degradation ability. The best parameter of composite carbon-lignin/ ZnO nanocrystalline ball-like hexagonal structure to reach 96.272% degradation performance are pH 7, 600 °C calcination temperature, and 90 min irradiation time.