Review: Reproductive Efficiency of Cows in Different Parity

Livestock is one of the agricultural sectors that play an important role in providing animal products. Cows are one of the largest meat and dairy producers. The low reproductive efficiency of cattle is the biggest problem of its development. Increasing reproductive efficiency through artificial insemination programs is one way to enhance livestock populations. Reproductive efficiency parameters can be measured through values of Service per Conception (S/C) and Conception Rate (CR). Service per conception and C Rare related to cows parity. Parity is the number of the calf that has been born to a cow. This study aimed to provide information on reproductive efficiency as seen from the value of S/C and CR of cows in different parities and the factors that influence them. High rates of parityare followed by high S/C scores and low CR. Each animal has different values of S/C and CR. The normal range for S/C is 1.6-2.0 and 60% in CR. Several factors that affect reproductive efficiency are environment, nutrition, body condition score (BCS), knowledge of farmers, inseminator skills, and quality of used semen. The highest S/C was at parity of 5 with age ± 7 years and the CR was at parity 3 age± 5 years.